Data indicate that there is a significant gap between potential and current cropping system efficiency and profitability in the northern grains region. This project aims to provide growers and advisers information and tools to identify key limitations and evaluate the economic drivers of their cropping system. To do this, key factors affecting common cropping systems in the GRDC's northern region will be identified. A combination of experiments and modelling will then test options aimed at addressing these issues and quantify their impact on overall productivity and profitability in a range of northern cropping systems. Agricultural systems models will also be used to investigate economics, climate and price-risk and environmental and long-term sustainability of these systems. All this information will underpin the development of regional recommendations to increase the profitability, resilience and sustainability of these cropping systems.